Farming Under Occupation: Threats to the Olive Growers in the West Bank

Around the world, farming is threatened by increasing risks. Environmental degradation has damaged soil and water sources in many areas, climate variations have become more frequent and drastic, and dependence on volatile global markets is causing great precariousness.

“In the United States, our products are labeled as the “Product of West Bank,” and not as a product from Palestine.”

— Samer Jarrar, staff at CORE

But Palestinian farmers are faced with an additional range of threats. Under Israeli domination, their lands, water, markets, and their very lives are routinely jeopardized. For instance, since 1967 the Israeli Defense Forces have destroyed some 800,000 olive trees in Palestine.³ While security concerns are used to justify this destruction, Palestinians argue that the true goal behind destroying a crop vitally linked to Palestinian identity and economy is to reinforce Israel’s domination and allow further colonization. ⁴

“In the United States, our products are labeled as the “Product of West Bank,” and not as a product from Palestine. Just two weeks ago, Israeli customs stopped our export container going to Toronto, Canada which was labeled as the product of Palestine. It was held for ten days, before being released.” ⁵

Olives are Palestine’s second major export good,⁶ worth some $150-200 million of income every year. ⁷ They have been cultivated for generations, and over 100,000 West Bank families depend on them.⁸ As a whole, it is estimated that the agricultural sector provides formal and informal employment to 90 percent of Palestinians.⁹ This is despite the fact that restrictions are frequently imposed by the Israeli government on the types of agricultural inputs that Palestinian farmers can use, on food imports and exports, and on transportation of the produce through road checkpoints.¹⁰ At the same time, Israeli agricultural production is supported by government subsidies and cheaper production costs, rigging market odds against the Palestinians.¹¹

West Bank farmers also experience immense pressures on their lands and natural resources as Israeli settlements increasingly encroach on fertile areas and capture crucial water supplies.¹² The cost of water is three times as high for Palestinians as it is for Israelis living in nearby settlements, while permits to install water pipes and dig underground wells are nearly impossible to obtain. ¹³ Meanwhile, settlements that lack drainage infrastructure dump waste water on farms and grazing areas.¹⁴

This challenging context has made olive farming increasingly valuable since olive trees are generally rainfed. But it has also made it more vulnerable. Olive picking is traditionally performed collectively by communities, but families who gather for harvests are subject to attacks from Israeli settlers.¹⁵ Incidents can lead to the cancellation of the picking,¹⁶ while transportation delays may result in product damage. Limited export opportunities can cause market oversupply and drive prices down.¹⁷

Canaan, a Hybrid Structure to Serve a Unique Goal: The Empowerment of Palestinian Farmers

“The industrialization of agriculture around the world has also impacted Palestine. In addition, we are faced with policies that are removing us forcefully and even banning us from our own land while regulatory measures deny us markets. In the face of this hardship, Canaan Palestine works to provide tools to understand how and why we can benefit from our tradition of agriculture. We are developing an economic system invested in the communities and land, and that brings value to farmers by bringing their products to the marketplace.

We complement this work with research on how to support and continue traditional practices. For instance, how do we sustain the landraces — original vegetation that nature produced and has survived thousands of years — which have distinct value in the market? Our aim is to restore and strengthen relations with land and restore the land itself. We believe that the farmers are cultural carriers and we respect and treasure them.”²⁵

When Nasser Abufarha came up with the idea to develop fair trade olive oil production in Palestine in 2004, a liter of oil was worth a mere eight shekels (about $2).²⁶ With these low prices, harvesting and processing was barely worth the price received, forcing many farmers to abandon their crops. Abufarha partnered with farmers to launch the Palestine Fair Trade Association (PFTA), a non-profit organization that developed the first fair trade standards for olive oil.

The PFTA started with few members, but it now organizes 55 cooperatives, with 2,500 member farmers ²⁷ who produce olives as well as other crops such as almonds, tomatoes, fennel seeds, and more.²⁸ The association works hand-in-hand with a for-profit enterprise, Canaan Fair Trade (CFT), which acts as the intermediary to process, package, and export the goods. CFT — also a creation of Abufarha — trades with socially and ecologically minded clients in the Global North, including LUSH cosmetics, Dr Bonners’ soaps, Ben & Jerry’s ice cream, and various fair trade and natural retail stores.²⁹

The PFTA and CFT collaborate to help farmers obtain fair trade and organic certification, which involves training and independent third-party inspections. The training programs educate farmers on sustainable agriculture production — including soil and tree care, plowing, harvesting, and storage techniques — and on Canaan’s organizational functioning, as well as fair trade production standards.³⁰ Though training and certification costs were initially subsidized by development partners, Canaan is now financing these through its own income.³¹

The PFTA and CFT constantly seek to develop new products to diversify farmers’ incomes. In addition to olive oil, Canaan sells almond oil (in 2016, the project had 400 hectares of almond tree orchards),³² honey, wheat goods, carob syrup, condiments, and more.³³ In a quest to improve agricultural techniques and marketing, Canaan Organic Research and Extension Center (CORE), a non-profit research center, was set up as well in 2013.³⁴

“Since we started with almonds, exports have increased by 1,000 percent, with 60 percent of the growth in the US market, 20 percent in South Korea, and 20 percent in the EU. This is directly benefitting 212 farmers who are selling their almonds. The others have just planted. We see the impact of our work through enhanced production. Comparison between the local market price and the US export price has changed the minds of the farmers who wanted to pull out the almond trees. Now they want to plant more.

We have limited power to change things. So we work on the ground. There is a shortage of water. So we are providing almond tree varieties that are rain-fed. In addition, we are doing research on irrigation. While the productivity is lower given the dependence of trees on rain, the value for the crops is helping farmers.” ³⁵

Since 2013, CORE has been organizing research, training, and extension services to enhance sustainable agricultural methods while preserving traditional Palestinian varieties and revitalizing rich agricultural and social traditions.³⁶ The center also researches agricultural value chain opportunities to expand the market-reach of farmers locally and abroad.³⁷ Two commercial enterprises based in Europe and the US (Canaan USA), are helping promote and sell the products overseas, while a US-based foundation, “Land of Canaan,” is providing endowments to help sustain Palestinian farmers.³⁸